In media studies, the critique of ideology is deployed to analyze Essay

In media studies, the critique of ideology is deployed to analyze issues of power in highly stratified liberal democracies. Usin - Essay Example In contemporary times, the influence and responsibility of the media is expanding because of the development of information technology, which is producing new forms of mass media. According to McLuhan’s Technological Determinism theory, the media determines social and cultural changes in communication technology. Therefore, nowadays, the role of the media seems more important than ever before, and if it does not function properly then we cannot expect society to progress in an orderly fashion. Also, in order to become a more productive society, press freedom should be safe from harm, and additionally, critique of ideology should be allowed to function because the critique of ideology observes how appropriate the role of media is in providing answers for society. The critique of ideology also makes people judge misinformation and insists on demanding the truth. However, there is another way to communicate with society: through culture. According to Raymond William, culture can refer to high culture, folk culture, or, in terms of industrial societies, mass culture. As he mentions so often, culture contains human thought, art, and mentality. Culture is the most traditional and natural way of communication between people in society. Therefore, it is significant to study about ideology, and furthermore, what the critique of ideology accomplishes in a liberal democracy. Ideology has multiple meanings, as shown in Olivier Reboul’s classification of ideology. In a book called Language and Ideology, Olivier Reboul classifies ideology to the Napoleon meaning, Karl Heinrich Marx meaning, and sociology of knowledge meaning by Karl Mannheim (Reboul, 1994). First of all, for the Napoleon meaning, according to the document that his secretary kept, he defined it as a disturbance that blocks flexible ideas for hypocrites. He also described that it refers to a person who is abstract and an idealist. It is not used all that commonly, so it will just be treated as hi storical meaning. For the Karl Heinrich Marx meaning, Marx defined ideology as false consciousness, using the metaphor of a camera obscurer. False consciousness means only showing a portion of a concept, and this makes people misrepresent the idea; it does not show what the full picture is. This kind of fantasy intimates with religious and moral principles. In this case, the subject who makes an ideology is dominant, and the person who receives the distorted information is weak and receives unfair treatment. Over time, ideology is a system of awareness or notion that is made from the dominating party. The problem with this is that particular information is accepted as common knowledge to the receiver. The Napoleon meaning criticizes the existing rulers while the Marx meaning is trying to remedy society. However, the last ideology’s meaning is completely different from the above two meanings. This ideology comes from the Hungarian-born German sociologist Karl Mannheim, and is called the sociology of knowledge. This idea is based on neutrality and first appeared in the 20th century. He terms ideology as every image that can be seen in a certain group. He emphasized that the composition of a group helps the group to work together. This idea is less controversial than the other two and is a unique cultural idea; however, it’s true that this makes it more open to debate. How does ideology apply to cultural

Project Evaluation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Project Evaluation Report - Essay Example The research carried out at the beginning of the project was quite useful; the development programs were just right and the methodology worked out perfectly for this project. A waterfall methodology was used in the development of the website. All the stages of the methodology proved to be very necessary for the completion of the project to be a success. The website was developed successfully and project finished at the planned time. This report will evaluate whether the development of an online football ticketing and reservation website was successful. The basic purpose of this project was to develop a website that would allow football fans to buy their tickets online as well as make reservations on the games they want to watch beforehand. The purpose was to produce a website using a combination of SQL and CSS development languages and also the use of MS Excel and MS word. Several objectives were defined at the commencement of the project. They included; conducting research to determine the technologies to use in the project as well as specifying the tasks to be carried out in the development of the online booking system and also to determine their deadlines. The basic goal of this project as to create a website where football fans will purchase their tickets as well get to learn of upcoming games whilst booking online from the comfort of their locations. The website was to be developed in such a way as to allow fans to view and log into the website even on their IPhones and other portable internet enabled gadgets. At the end of the project period, several things had to be achieved. A working online ticketing system that will have achieved the objectives and solved the problem statement was the main aim, as well as the submission of the project as a requirement for graduation. The main objectives of this project were to develop an online ticketing system that would also serve to give information to the fans on the upcoming events and also on any

Management and Leadership Paper on Parent Teacher Organization Assignment

Management and Leadership Paper on Parent Teacher Organization - Assignment Example Although education is a different domain of life compared to business, healthcare or infrastructure, yet it is an essential part of one’s life. The industrial revolution is said to have brought immense change in educational system in the United States and has left its insightful impact on administration and execution of educational system. Referring to educational institutions or schools as organizations, the parent-teacher organizations or parent-teacher associations are the informal or formal groups formed by parents and teachers of an educational institution or locality aimed at providing the best education and learning to their students. The growing appreciation of the fact that all aspects of value education and school improvement including tough set of courses, teaching and promoting active learning, rigorous assessments, and effective school management and classroom organization can be more successful with effective involvement of families and communities, through the P TO/PTAs. Research has proven that PTOs help in better liaison between parents and teachers with respect to students’ academic performance, social behavior, responses to environment and needs, psychological behavior and attitudes

Health and safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Health and safety - Assignment Example The primary legislation regarding safety and health regulation is the Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974. Section 6 of this Act provides that suppliers of hazardous substances to small engineering workshops must take reasonable precautions to ensure safety and minimum risks to health. This regulation further obliges suppliers of hazardous substances to provide adequate information on risks to health and safety which the inherent properties of the substance pose to their users and handlers (HSE, 33, 2004). This law aims at controlling exposure to hazardous substances by employees that most frequently occurs to them when they are machining, welding, painting or cleaning and degreasing. This law further requires that suppliers should supply machinery complete with instructions for use of the same. This provision affects suppliers and purchasers of new and used machines within the European Union (HSE, 51, 2004). Some of the substances that workers may be exposed to include nickel-copper, nickel-chrome alloys, stainless steel and nickel alloys, stainless steel chromium alloys, lead and lead alloys, copper alloys containing beryllium and caladium-plated articles. The employees in these factories must have adequate personal protection for employees to minimize risks of negative health effects through the control dust, fume, spray and vapour. They should also take steps to minimize skin contact through adequate personal protection to the employees (HSE, 33, 2004). The Control of Substances Harzadous to Health Regulations 2002 provides that small engineering workshop owners must always assess the risks that exposure to hazardous substances poses to risks to the health of its employees. Workshops are also required to prevent workers exposure to these substances by the use of less hazardous forms of chemicals or even alternative processes that limit the risk of exposure (HSE, 34, 2004). Engineering Workshops are also required to

Tesco Plc Financial Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tesco Plc Financial Analysis - Coursework Example Furthermore, Tesco operate online sales of product which has seen them expand internationally and get customers all over the world. There are reasons as to why Tesco is customers’ favorite store in the UK. Tesco have got a well analyzed capital structure which supports the growth of business plan with consideration of their expertise in the financial system and cash management. Tesco also has a business that deals in banking. In its finance department, Tesco has schemed on operation of its business and financial strategies which is inclusive on debt, financing, equity, and capital investment. Tesco as a corporation is authorized to give only three categories of capital stock. These categories are unlimited in number and are inclusive of preferred shares, common shares, and the 2nd preferred shares. The common shareholders are permitted to attendance of any meeting and receiving of notice of the Tesco’s shareholders. The common shareholders also have the right to only on e vote. Both the second and first shareholders are known as preferred shareholders. According to the rights of the preferred Shareholders, the common shareholders have gotten the right to receivership of any dividend that has been declared by Tesco Corporation and upon dissolution receive any remnants of Tesco Corporation. Tesco states that their main sources of finance are from medium and long term debts, retained profits, commercial paper, leases, issues and bank borrowings (Tesco 2007). There is a FY Tesco generated 2611 million pounds from their operating activities that financed 3 billion pounds expenditure on capital, inclusive of 1899 million profit that added to retained earnings. Another finance provider is from the shareholders. The company gets financed by debt more than equity. Leases also form a source of financing Tesco, which is a major contributor towards its balance sheet and in its capital structure. The financial strategy of Tesco seems to have moved to a change i n its capital structure hence making equity returns get better by the increase of finance debt in utilizing tax shield. Nevertheless, it seems that it is because of the ratio of debt-equity that there have not been any changes. To support this, by the year 2010, this ratio had actually dropped to approximately 0.11 from 0.12. After debt issues in the balance sheet and sale of property, this level was reinstated to its initial level. By consideration of this ratio, there is a sign that Tesco is not concentrated on improvement of shareholders’ equity return. Taking this to be their major goal, Tesco would have achieved it by the increase of leverage and more debt issue. Instead, they take advantage of conversion of assets into capital with the aim of making the shareholders interested. Question two Question two requires an explanation on what ‘FACTORING FOR BUSINESS’ means and its usefulness in an organization. Factoring for business is a transaction in finance tha t involves selling of a firm’s account receivables. In a detailed level, factoring involves the provision of finance by the factor to the account’s seller in advance cash form (Seidman, 2005). The accounts are always approximately 80 percent of the total price of the accounts purchase, taking into account payment of the purchase price balance, commission and upon collection other charges. The factor may opt for

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Human Resource - Essay Example The future career goal that I would like to pursue is to be a total reward manager or administrator which therefore means that I will concentrate more on total reward human resource activity in order to perfect and successfully achieve this career goal once I am through with my studies. Total reward is a human resource activity that is not easily remembered or even taken seriously until the time when the staff and employees in an organization want their benefits or are claiming compensation. This field sounds new though it is an old one but recently got a name change from compensation total rewards and motivation. It deals with issues of compensation, benefits, rewards and other valuable creations that need recognition. It requires an individual who is very analytical, patient, fair, and quiet and organized because before any reward is provided, a justification based on deep analysis of the situation is required and even discreetness (Kandula 6). In a bid to achieve this goal in future and be of help to any organization that I will work for, I need to succeed in my studies and especially paying close attention to the human resource activity of total as it will provide me with the knowledge and also act as a guide to my work in future. Career success is defined differently by different individuals as it is mostly a personal decision and definition.Personally, career success is how much personal gratification one gets from the achievement one has so far got in his or her career level at every particular moment.

Assessment History Essay Example for Free

Assessment History Essay Then and Now: History of Assessments Used in Special Education In today’s world students are being diagnosed every day for multiple disorders. Over the history of special education both standardized (formal) and curriculum based (informal) assessments have been created and implemented to help make sure that students are receiving the proper support to help them meet their educational goals. Assessments within special education are implemented to determine a student’s strengths as well as pinpoint areas where they may need extra support and guidance. (Pierangelo Giuliani, 2007) The results of the assessments given to students will be used to decide if the student qualifies for special education services. The assessments used in the United States have developed in conjunction with special education services, to what we know and use today. This paper will outline the history of assessments administered in the United States, discuss how today’s application of assessment differs, and how these changes have impacted special education as a whole. History of Assessments The history of special education has evolved greatly over the years. Prior to the 1970’s there were very few individuals with special needs being served within the public school system. There were two federal laws passed in 1975 that would aid in the process of children enrolling in the public schools. The first law was Education for All Handicapped Children (EHA), this law requires that children of all ability levels receive the right to public education. The second law that played a key role in providing students with disabilities appropriate education is the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). The IDEA not only requires students with disabilities access to public education but that the school district provides personalized services (special education) for individuals who qualify. (Special Education News, 2013) The laws and legislative acts passed advocate for these students, making sure they receive free and appropriate education. As special education evolved over the years so did many of the tools used to assess students with special needs. Although â€Å"Interest in intelligence dates back thousands of years, it wasnt until [the early 1900’s that] psychologist. Alfred Binet was commissioned to identify students who needed educational assistance, that the first IQ test was born. † (Cherry, 2013). This type of assessment was a standardized test that measured the individual in areas such as their: skills, character traits, attitudes, knowledge, and educational measurement. As the special education field grew, the use of the Simon-Binet method spread quickly across the Western world. (Reschly, 2002). â€Å"Historically, educational assessment in the United States has been dominated by psychometric assumptions and approaches,† such as the Simon-Binet Scale. (McLaughlin Rouse, 2000). However, as time as the years have gone by the assessments and protocols used for special education have adapted and evolved. Today’s Assessment / Impact of changes In today’s world there are a variety of assessments and tools to choose from when working with and identifying students with special needs. These assessments fall under two categories, the first being standardized assessments, and the second being curriculum based assessments. The Binet scale, now known has the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale has been adapted since it was introduced to educators in 1905, and is one of the many standardized assessment tools still used today. Although standardized tests are a great starting point for diagnosing students with special needs it should not be the sole contributor to the diagnosis of a student. Two main concerns when using a standardized test such as the Stanford-Binet scale are that it is culturally unfair and testing conditions and interpretation of test results influence how the student will do on the assessment. Often the standardized tests that are implemented within the school district have been created in the UK or the United States and are mainly designed to be used among white, middle-class children. Therefor if this test is used for any child outside of the specific target group it will be unfair and could lead to the misdiagnosis of students who need special education services. (Newton, 2009) â€Å"For example, if a student with limited English proficiency were assessed using an IQ measure where the directions are given in English, this students performance would likely be compromised based upon limited understanding of the instructions, resulting in a significant underestimate of the students true intelligence. † (GCU, 2013) It is  extremely important for educators to properly assess the students and to make sure we work with them in their areas of struggle prior to labeling them as needing special education. Since every assessment has its pros and cons it is a teachers responsibility to become familiar with their students and know what assessment would best fit their needs. Since there can be some limitations with standardized tests educators may want to explore various curriculum based assessments to aid in the process of identifying these students. One common curriculum based assessments that is used today is the Response to Intervention (RTI). RTI is a type of educational intervention that is implemented to provide students who are having difficulties extra assistance prior to referring them to a special education program. This informal assessment tool is a multi-level prevention system that helps students succeeds in their education. Teachers will follow RTI by monitoring the students’ progress on a regular basis, implementing evidence-based interventions of varying intensities depending on how the student is responding. (NCRTI, 2010). Curriculum based assessments such as RTI have many benefits to students and Educators. Educators today may choose to use these types of assessments because it allows them to be proactive about the problem at hand, they are easy to implement into a classroom routine, if interventions are successful the child will be brought back up to grade level without needing special education services. (Wilmshurst Brue, 2013) Conclusion The assessments and protocols developed throughout the history of special education have evolved and implemented to benefit the students, as well as special education as a whole. Each assessment and intervention has been created to aid educators in the process of serving their students to the best of their abilities. School systems went from using one assessment tool to identify and work with students with disabilities to having a vast selection to choose from. Both formal and informal assessment tools used by educators in today’s society aid in the process of diagnosing and helping students who qualify for special education services. Although, there are some assessment tools that may be better than others, each one will have their pros and cons. Educators can create and use assessment tools that reflect what we know about the student and their learning abilities. The educators and their school districts â€Å"can do so by building on what we have learned during the past decade, and ensuring that the process and outcomes of their approach to alternate assessment are transparent and subject to review, stand up to both technical and ethical scrutiny, push practices and outcomes in the expected and desired directions, and can be improved through data-based oversight over time. † (Quenemoen, 2008). Educators will have to use the best judgment and knowledge to decide what assessment(s) will best work for them. Whether educators use one assessment or a variety of assessments, the main objective is to give the student the best chance to succeed in their education and assist them in becoming functioning members of our their community. References Cherry, K. (2013). History of Intelligence Testing. Retrieved from: http://psychology. about. com/od/psychologicaltesting/a/int-history. htm Grand Canyon University. (2013). Types of Evaluation. Received from: www. my. gcu. edu McLaughlin, M. Rouse, M. (2000). Special Education and School Reform in the United States and Britain. New York, NY: Routledge. Newton, C. (2009). Problems with IQ and Psychometric Assessment. Retrieved from: www. inclusive-solutions. com/word/IQ_Problems_Jan. doc? NCRTI. (2010). Essential Components of RTI. Retrieved from: http://www. rti4success. org/ Pierangelo, R. Giuliani, G. (2007). Understanding Assessment in the Special Education Process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Quenemoen, R. (2008). A brief history of alternate assessments based on alternate achievement standards (Synthesis Report 68). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, National Center on Educational Outcomes. Retrieved from: http://www. cehd. umn. edu/NCEO/onlinepubs/Synthesis68/Synthesis68. pdf Reschly, J. D. (2002). Change Dynamics in Special Education Assessment: Historical and Contemporary Patterns. Peabody Journal of Education, V77 n2 p117-36. Retrieved from: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/10/ The History of Special Education in the United States. (2013). Special Education News. Retrieved from: http://www. specialednews. com/the-history-of-special-education-in-the- united-states. htm Wilmshurst, L. Brue, W. A. (2013). Advantages of Response to Intervention. Retrieved from: http://www. education. com/reference/article/advantages-rti/