Health and Safety Strategies in Construction

Health and Safety Strategies in Construction INTRODUCTION: Good health and safety at work is not only important in human terms, but it is also one of the most effective ways to ensure that the enterprises are successful and sustainable. Simple cost benefit analysis will not be the appropriate way to look towards the issue of health and safety, as it is almost impossible to determine the cost of unquantifiable losses such as suffering, pain caused to the affected person and his family, loss in mobility, etc. Good health and safety of their employees is not only the moral obligation of the enterprises, but it comes along with the legal bindings as well. Key legislations like Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) 1974, Construction Design and Management (CDM) 1994 and many more like these have made it almost impossible for the businesses to ignore this area. Also, not to forget, there are many financial aspects attached to it. Factors like disruption, claims for damages, loss of confidence in management and loss of goodwill might impact the economy of business substantially, sometimes leading them to the total collapse. Hence, it is very important for any organization to follow the existing policies, to keep track of ne w updates in rules and regulations and to be innovative in finding out the ways to reduce risks. The Manchester Joint Hospitals Project has already demonstrated a better-than-average safety record. Build quality and productivity have been excellent. Other projects in the North-West England are recognising the change and following the example. But all these positive results should not stop an organization from finding out the new ways to reduce the risk at work. Following actions have already been taken on the construction site by keeping the key legislations for respective action in mind, failing to comply with which, the company and management would have been prosecuted. Actions and their respective legislations are as given below: Development of Safety Committee: HSWA 1974, s.2(4) Stop Work Procedure : HSWA 1974, s.2(1) Safety Representatives Training : HSWA 1974, s.2(7) Few initiatives are mentioned below, which will help in to improve safety, health and welfare on site. It may also help the project to become a role model, which others would like to follow. Initiatives 1) Substance abuse at work: It can be described as the overindulgence in and dependence of a drugor other chemical leading to effects that are detrimental to the individuals physical and mental health, or the welfareof others. Most of the people and organizations still think that alcohol or drug addiction is personal matter as long as it takes off the work place. But they fail to recognise the long term effects of this addiction on that person. Typical response from management on such issues would be: Collusion: Either turn a blind eye towards the problem or reduce the effect of the problem by, for example, transferring the employee. Dismissal: Terminate the employee from the organization. But, the two solutions mentioned above can at the most, reduce the effect of the problem or removes effect on the workplace. A more sympathetic and decisive approach would be to motivate employees in the initial stage of their problem. An employer must analyse and investigate the existing as well as the potential problems and consult employees and their representatives. Following remedial measures should be taken to overcome this issue. A written substance abuse policy A supervisory training program An employee education and awareness program Access to an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) A drug testing program, where appropriate Barriers: Employment contracts: It is very difficult to change employment contract terms of existing employees without ample consultation and without giving convincing reason for doing so. Confidentiality: Employees seeking help for a substance abuse might be reluctant to approach management in the initial stage, as they will be sceptical about the confidentiality of their matter. Hence it the duty of the employer to respect the privacy of the respective employee. Key Legislation under which initiative should be taken: According to HSWA 1974 S.1 (1a), it is preliminary duty of the employer to secure health safety and welfare of persons at work. As per HSWA 1974 S.2 (1), general duties of employer, it requires employer to ensure, so far as is reasonable practicable, health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees. In HSWA 1974 section 7(a), general duties of employees at work, it places every employee at work under an obligation to take reasonable care of their own health and safety and that of others who may be affected. Also HSWA 1974 section 3(1) and s2 (3) put emphasis on employers for conducting an undertaking for health and safety risks and policy. 2) Artificial Optical Radiation: According to Eurofound (European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), optical radiation can be defined as any electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range between 100 nm and 1 nm. It is further divided into ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation and infrared radiation. Exposure to UV radiations from sun can lead to skin damage like sunburn, skin aging, blistering, sun beds and long term exposure can sometimes, may lead to skin cancer. As per Health and Safety Executive guidance, people with the pale skin, especially those with the fair or red hair, are at the maximum risk, whereas, people with black or brown skin are at the lowest risk. But, people of all skin colours are susceptible to overheating and dehydration. As an employer we can: Include sun protection advice on regular health and safety training. Provide appropriate protective equipments to the workers who are exposed to artificial optical radiations. Instruct workers to keep covered up while working in the sun, especially during summer. Encourage workers to take breaks in the shade instead of standing in the sun. Provide site water points and rest area in shade. Schedule work to minimize exposure. Conduct regular skin check up of the workers who are exposed to sun quite frequently. Barriers: Workers may avoid covering entire body with clothes or protective equipments, as they can feel bit restricted in moving the body while working. Negligent attitude of workers can lead them to long term exposure to the optical radiations. Key Legislation under which initiative should be taken: As of now, there is no legal obligation on employers to provide outdoor workers with sun cream or sunglasses, but HSE encourages employers to include sun protection advice in routine health and safety training. But The European Parliament and Council have introduced directive (2006/25/EC) on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from optical radiation. It contains provisions on risk assessment, control of exposure, health surveillance and information, instruction and training. Member States have until 27 April 2010 to transpose the Directive and implement its requirements. 3) Noise at work: Long term exposure to high frequency noise at work can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. Sudden hearing loss can be caused immediately by extremely loud, explosive noises. But in most of the cases, hearing loss is a gradual process because of prolonged exposure to noise. As per the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005, employers have following duties: Assess the risk to the employees Take action to reduce the noise exposure which may produce risk Otherwise provide employees hearing protection Stay within the legal limits of noise exposure Provide employees with information, instruction and training Barriers: Workers may feel isolated after wearing noise protective equipment, hence might avoid using it. Workers might find it difficult to use protective equipments along with hard hats. So if the wide range of equipments is not available, workers will try to avoid using them. Workers may find it difficult to follow instructions given by supervisor while working. It may lead workers to avoid using protective equipments. Key Legislation under which initiative should be taken: According to HSWA 1974 S.1 (1a), it is preliminary duty of the employer to secure health safety and welfare of persons at work. As per HSWA 1974 S.2 (1), general duties of employer, it requires employer to ensure, so far as is reasonable practicable, health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees. The Noise Control at Work Regulations 1989 and 2005 requires employers to prevent or reduce risks to health and safety of employees from exposure to noise at work. Conclusion: The Manchester Joint Hospital Project has already been achieving better-than-average safety record. Many other projects in north-west England have already been starting to follow the project. With the implementation of initiatives suggested above, by keeping barriers in mind and trying to emulate them at the time of implementation, this project can achieve new heights in the record books of health and safety and can become a role model, which every other project in the country would like to follow.

Understanding The Process Of Laundry Detergency Environmental Sciences Essay

Detergency is a procedure where dirts are removed from substrate stuffs. It ever is reviewed and researched because of its commercial importance. Washing and cleansing is a complicated procedure because it involves interactions of much physical and chemical influence. In general, rinsing procedure contains remotion by aqueous surfactant solution of ill solute thing and disintegration of drosss from fabric surfaces [ 1 ] . 2. Preliminaries Before discoursing how detergents work in rinsing procedure, we have to cognize how dirts adhere to cloths and the different types of dirts. In the present, the substrate is a fabric normally, fabricated by knitting, weaving or blending together a batch of fibres which have spun into narrations before incorporation into the fabric. Soil is something present in the matrix of the fabric but differs from the fabric fibres both in composing and form, while characteristically is of a comparable size. Dirt may be liquid or solid. If it is liquid, it must be non-volatile and non-aqueous. The liquid dirt here is termed oily dirt to separate from the solid particulate dirt. These two types of dirts may happen together: an external atom is more possible to adhere to fabrics when the latter already has liquid dirt. There are two chief differences between liquid dirt and solid dirt: form and rheological belongingss. The greasy dirt alterations shape by and large while the particulate dirt holds its initial form all the clip [ 2 ] . No affair liquid or solid, both sorts of dirt adhere to the fabric because of a effect of Van Der Waals and interrelated interactions between the dirt and the substrate. 3. Washing Procedure 3.1 Structures The most important ingredients in detergents are chemicals called wetting agents. The word aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"surfactantaa‚ ¬A? comes from aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"surface active agentsaa‚ ¬A? and as defined, the wetting agents are chemical signifiers which tendency to concentrate or better to adsorb at interfaces, or to organize colloidal sums in solution at really low molar concentrations. As shown in Figure 1, it is obvious to bespeak the basic demand of wetting agents is combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in molecules, i.e. amphiphilic molecules. When the wetting agents dissolved in H2O, they will prefer to hold an orientation that can minimise inauspicious interactions between hydrophobic molecular subdivisions and aqueous stage ( Figure 2 ) . Figure 1 Structure of Wetting agents Beginning: pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/B1319/B1319.html Figure 2 Wetting agents dissolved in H2O Beginning: slides of talks Therefore, there are several signifiers when wetting agents are in solutions ( Figure 3 ) . Figure 3 Different signifiers of wetting agents 3.2 Mechanism As the cardinal construction of wetting agents mentioned, the lavation procedure is easy to explicate. To do H2O wash better, surface tenseness has to be reduced so H2O can wet things more uniformly. That is exactly what a wetting agent does. The wetting agents in detergents improve H2O ‘s capableness to wet things, spread over surfaces, and ooze into soiled apparels fibres. Wetting agents do another of import occupation excessively. In the solution incorporating the wetting agents whose molecules adsorb on the surface of dirt and fabrics at the same time, the hydrophobic portion of their molecule is attracted to H2O, while the other portion is adhering to dirt and grease. Neither detergents nor soap accomplish anything except adhering to the dirt until some mechanical energy or agitation is added into the equation [ 3 ] . So the wetting agent molecules help H2O to acquire a clasp of lubricating oil, interrupt it up, and wash it off ( Figure 4 ) . Figure 4 Illustration of the particulate dirt remotion If the dirt is oily, it will scatter in solution as emulsion, while it is particulate, it disperses as suspension. 4 Components Used for wash, the detergents ever contain wetting agents, builders, enzymes, decoloring agents, and other minor additives such as optical brighteners, fabric softeners, and scattering agents [ 4 ] . Among them, wetting agents and builders are the two most of import ingredients. 4.1 Wetting agents As an abbreviation for surface active agent, wetting agents remain the most of import constituents for the development of cloth attention and place attention merchandises [ 5 ] , consisting from 15 % to 40 % of the entire detergent preparation [ 6 ] . Wetting agents used in detersive preparations can be classified into four groups harmonizing to the hydrophilic group: non-ionic detergents, nonionics, cationics, and zwitterionics. In the usage of detergent composings, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl sulphates alcohol ethoxylates, kats, and betaine are popular, and biodegradable wetting agents such as APG and MES will be a development tendency in the detergent composings [ 4 ] . Nowadays, mixed active preparations are popular worldwide because they offer the advantage of good public presentation over a wider scope of wash conditions and let makers flexibleness with regard to surfactant supply and demand [ 7 ] . Besides at the same clip the commixture helps to stay mile to the tegument of custodies. 4.2 Builders A possible builder should fulfill a big figure of demands including sequestering ability, alkalinity, buffer capacity, bleach compatibility, dirt deflocculation, unwritten toxicity, skin soaking up, oculus annoyance, effects on fish and other aquatic animate beings, and other environmental and economic practicableness [ 8 ] . We use builders to take Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in difficult H2O and in dirts, for ever wetting agents can non work efficaciously in H2O particularly in difficult H2O. And the great sum of wetting agents in the detergent preparations increases the figure of troubles and the costs of sewerage disposal. Figure 5 Structures of polydimethyl siloxanes and their derived functions [ 4 ] We have ionic, organic and polymer builders [ 4 ] . In the Attic, Sodium tripolyphosphate ( STPP ) was the most used in the yesteryear. However, for phosphates can easy do a batch of environmental jobs that later, we use organic builders such as EDTA, NTA, ODA, IDA, and so on as a replacement for STPP. But still question their clean efficaciousnesss, inauspicious ecological or toxicological influences, and the cost. Besides, we use borates and zeolites as ionic builders, and now multifunctional builder is demanded, such as superimposed crystalline silicate ( Na2Si2O5 ) which combines a high public presentation per unit mass with a high grade of multi-functionality [ 9 ] . Polymeric builders have good builder capacity but most of them are non of course biodegradable. So now a bio-based polyester co-builder, which is found to be non-toxic to aquatic life is invented [ 10 ] . 4.3 Enzymes Encapsulated enzymes have been used worldwide for 40 old ages in detergent merchandises, particularly laundry preparations, and for biodegradability and functionality at low temperatures, its importance additions [ 11 ] . Enzymes can assist to better detergence, such as peptidase, amylase, cellulase, and lipase. Alkaliphilic Bacillus strains are frequently good beginnings of alkaline extracellular enzymes to be used in detergents [ 12 ] . Before people think enzymes in detergents ever cause allergy, but now this has been changed and substituted by the recommendation of carefully use by the practician. 4.4 Bleachs We use bleaches to destruct unwanted discolorations on the cloth, and besides dyestuff in solution which causes hemorrhage. Laundry detergents typically contain percarbonate or perborate salts as bleach systems [ 13 ] . The bleach activity ever requires a suited temperature. For the energy economy and other restricts, scientists focus on new accelerators to make the same clean efficaciousness at a comparatively low temperature. However, at the same clip of decoloring discolorations, bleaches besides increase melting degree of the fabric [ 14 ] . As used in day-to-day lavation, we besides have to see the built-in toxicity and toxic by-products of decoloring additives. 4.5 Other Additives Some laundry detergents contain â€Å" optical brighteners † . These are fluorescent dyes that glow blue-white in UV visible radiation which can do yellowed cloths appear white [ 15 ] . Fabric softeners are to cut down the clash between fibres, and between fibres and the tegument. They are frequently a cationic wetting agent, which is attracted to the negatively charged substrates like proteins and many man-made cloths. Scattering capacity is a step of how a liquid stage influences a solid stage [ 16 ] . From some respects it decides the cleansing capableness. We add some scattering agents into the detergents to better the decreasing of the surface tenseness so increase the efficaciousness of detergents. 5. Development Scientists are concentrating on detergents for wash which are biodegradable, effectual, and low toxic to clamber. Biosurfactants are possible the replacements for chemical wetting agents. Compared with chemical wetting agents, they are better in biodegradability and effectivity at utmost temperature or pH and in holding lower toxicity [ 17 ] . However, it is difficult to happen a balance between the hydrolytic and the biodegradability, non merely for the wetting agents, but besides for the enzymes and other additives in the detergents [ 18 ] . Now many biosurfactants are tested for utilizing in laundry preparations, as what Mukherjee AK [ 19 ] and Srokova I [ 20 ] have done. To salvage energy and H2O, there is a tendency of concentrated detergent, and besides it is environment friendly [ 21 ] . And different new sorts of additives are added as softeners, odor-removers, antibacterial constituents, and others which can give detergents multifunction.

How does Priestley present the theme of responsibility in “An Inspector Calls” Essay

The play ‘An Inspector Calls’ is a political satire written by a devoted socialist, J.B Priestley – an ex-soldier who fought in World War I. The play was set in 1912, 2 years prior to World War I; however it was written and published in 1945 – just after world war II. Priestley uses this time difference effectively to emphasise the British society of 1912, where there were firm class and gender barriers; Priestly detested this and was passionate towards the need of collective responsibility – he believed that if there was no change, the consequence would be ‘blood, fire and anguish’. Nonetheless most of these barriers were violated by 1945; Priestly wanted to make the most of these changes. Throughout his play, he influences his audience of 1945 to take advantage of the opportunity the end of the war had set them to reform an enhanced, more compassionate society. J.B Priestly portrays Mr. Arthur Birling as an arrogant, hard-headed, selfi sh capitalist who is only concerned about his reputation. Priestley intentionally exaggerates this character to corroborate his own political agenda. Birling’s thoughts towards socialist ideologies about the significance of community is ‘nonsense’ and that â€Å"a man has to make his own way†. This indicates that he has no interest whatsoever in social responsibility – through his business or his family. In Act One, Mr Birling dictates his predictions for what he thinks is going to happen in the future. He states that â€Å"The world’s developing so fast it’ll make war impossible.† the readers already know that World War I and II have already taken place. Furthermore, he says that the Titanic is ‘absolutely unsinkable’; the audience already know that t he Titanic has sunk. Moreover, he believes that there will be ‘peace and prosperity and rapid progress everywhere’. To the audience of 1945, this character would have been viewed as laughably optimistic and short -sighted; however these were common assumptions of those living in 1912. Priestley does this to show the lack of responsibility Capitalists had for predicting what will happen in the future and causes the audience to doubt whatever Mr Birling says because he could be wrong once more.

Tools And Techniques Used For It Support - 1480 Words

Tools and Techniques used in IT support Tools Helpdesk software is a commonly used tool in IT support as it can speed up problem solving process. It allows for quick assignment of tasks, and easy task logging, the ability for users to raise issues easy, for the helpdesk staff to assign and complete tasks quickly, as well as the ability to see similar previous issues, and apply a known solution to the issue. Antivirus Software is an essential tool, it provides protection against malicious code which can damage machines and steal data. Use of antivirus software can show which machines are the most vulnerable, as well as the types of attack as well as the source as to prevent future issues. VNC, Virtual network computing allows helpdesk†¦show more content†¦Multimeters are used to identify the source of an electrical hardware issue, it can be used to see what part of a machine is damaged, and to check that the circuitry of the chipboard is allowing the correct flow of electricity. It can be used to ensure that a power supply is working correctly, by checking the voltages of each rail. Toolkits contain tools such as screwdrivers, brushes, wirestrippers, plyers, allen keys and various other equipment that can be used to service a machine. These tools allow a technician to access a machine, and take it apart, as well as clean it if necessary. Techniques Questioning is a very important technique as it allows the technician to identify the issue the user is having. It can also be used to figure out if the user is capable of fixing the issue themselves, as to speed up the troubleshooting process. Use of fault logs is important as it can identify the issue that a machine is having, and point the technician directly to the cause. They are also useful as they can show a trend of common issues that a machine has. Use of solutions database is important to a helpdesk, as it speeds up the troubleshooting process massively. 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